Future world meat and milk production has to increase to feed a population of 8-10 billion people within a few years. Feed resources to increase animal production will be limited by decreasing availability of cereal grains in the future as climate change, resource depletion and competition with food and fuel uses, limit grain availability. The only likely available feed biomass that is underutilized are crop byproducts and residues. The only feasible future approach to increase animal protein availability will be to use herbivores and ruminants in particular fed straws and improve their efficiency of utilisation of such materials. Bypass proteins will be critical as technology develops to use particularly the 3 billion tonnes of straw produced annually throughout the world. Harnessing the (cottonseed meal) CSM produced in Australia for efficient ruminant production is an urgent priority as it stimulates all production parameters and the efficiency of use of these low digestibility forages by ruminants.