Concerns about the increase in resistance towards synthetic chemical insecticides in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, led the Australian cotton industry to adopt new pest management ideas. The introduction of INGARD' cotton containing a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which expresses the Cry1Ac toxin is one such idea. This transgenic cotton will be followed up with another, BOLLGARD II, which produces two Bt toxins, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab. A major element of the introduction of transgenic plant technology will be to manage the risk of H. armigera becoming resistant to these insecticidal proteins.