The project was teminated by CRDC after two years and therefore could not meet its final objectives. Good technical progress was made and the resources and information that were obtained remain available for the future. One particular benefit of the project was seen by the CRDC review. held in January 1995. as being that the knowledgeledge gained would assist in resistance management for Bt. In an unexected way it did this by highlighting the need for us to create a genetic ma Heliothis armigea. In the case of CSE36C. The re-existence of a genetic ma of the related American species. Heliothis virescens. Allowed us rapidly and cost-effectively to decide whether endosulfan resistance was due to a mutation in the GAB~ gene. Our abilty to use information from the American species relied on the ha1) y and unusual coincidence that endosulfan resistance is sex-linked (i.e. its chromosomal location ii/. Armigera is known). This is a rare. If not unique. Situation and almost certainly we will not have this advantage when we are faced with H. armigera resistant to Bt cotton. Creating a genetic map iii/.armigera before Bt resistance appears in the field would eliminate reliance on luck and greatly facilitate characterisation and detection of resistance genes when they a ear. It would do this by providing markers which could be used to determine the chromosomal location of any resistance genes. Even at the crudest level this would be a ve1y valuable tool. It is therefore one of the most cost-effective steps that the cotton industiy can take as insurance against Bt resistance.