This discussion paper reports the outcomes of an initiative undertaken by CSIRO and The Ian Potter Foundation that has assessed the role of the nongovernment sector in conserving Australia's bushland and natural resources. The paper forms the final component of a three year study that has evaluated opportunities for the use of incentive-based instruments in the conservation of remnant vegetation. The study is funded through the National Program on Rehabilitation, Management and Conservation of Remnant Vegetation which is funded by the Land and Water Resources R&D Corporation and Environment Australia..