The frequency of neonicotinoid resistant Aphis gossypii Glover populations has markedly decreased from a high of 94% to a moderate 22% in a single season. * The decrease in the frequency of neonicotinoid aphids likely relates to a subtle change in the way foliar neonicotinoids are being used against pests other than aphids and where aphids are accidently being selected by that use rather than a reduction in neonicotinoid seed dressing consumption or an increase in seed dressing efficacy (it was shown not to completely control resistant A. gossypii). * Pirimicarb resistant A. gossypii remain infrequent and the chemical continues to be a relaible IPM compatible method of aphid control. * A new quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method under development to estimate pirimicarb resistance in A. gossypii will potentially increase assay accuracy and decrease test cost.