Techniques for the examination ad assessment of the physical condition of a soil in the field have been available for some time – Peerlkamp1967, Strutt 1970, and MAFF 1973. Reports showing the benefits of deep cultivation to break up compact subsoil go back as far as 1852 (Johnston) with more recent research by Russell 1956 and Swain 1973. A Review of soil compaction was published by Soane (1983). The techniques of soil examination are similar whatever the soil and whatever the crop: careful and systematic dissection of a soil face to reveal both natural and man-made features which can be classified in absolute or relative terms.

Land degradation has been identifies as one of the most critical environmental issues in Australia. The examination and evaluation of soils in the field has a vital role to play in the characterisation of degradation and in its prevention and control. Because sound knowledge of many sciences is involved when assessing the whole of the soil environment – physics, chemistry, microbiology, plant physiology, mineralogy, geology and soil mechanics – comprehensive examination of the soil is mainly the province of those with a qualification in soil science. However, other disciplines as well as farmers and farm staff can be trained to deal with particular aspects, for example tillage needs and effects, provided that specialist back up is available when required.