The report explains and justifies the value of material flow analysis as a method to inform natural resource management at the regional level.

The suspected importance of pyrethroid metabolism in resistant H.armigera. made the investigation the biochemical basis of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera imperative.

Plants encounter many environmental stresses such as droughts, flooding, extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations just to name a few.

Having outlined the complexity of this topic, I now intend to summarise the soil and plant mineral relations during waterlogging, followed by a brief review of the scientific principles to improve understanding of the