In Australian cotton fields, the eggs, larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera are attacked by a diverse range of parasitic wasps and flies.

Any agent which reduces damage caused by heliothis is a valuable asset.

During the 1991-92 season, a 1 ha block of unsprayed raingrown cotton near Dalby was sampled for parasite activity in heliothis larvae.

There are, few parasitoids which specifically attack the pupal stage. This is perhaps understandable since pupae are not readily accessible, being in the soil.