Obviously, avoiding trafficking wet soil is one means of avoiding soil structural damage. Another is to use a vehicle with lower ground pressure, by using dual tyres, wide tracks, etc.

Ripping (deep soil working ) can give conflicting responses. Sometimes it i ncreases cotton yields and other times it de creases cotton yields.

With increasing problems of resistance to chemical pesticides amongst cotton pests, especially Heliothis, more attention is being given to biological control agents, including pathogens.

Soils that disperse tend to have poor drainage; excessive swelling closes soil pores, which also block up with dispersed clay, sand and silt.