In 2010-2011 some 96% of the strains tested showed some level of neonicotinoid resistance (ie Actara-Cruiser or Shield) but that had fallen to 29% of cotton strains in season 2011-2012 and a similar 33% of cotton aphi

We have shown that target site insensitivity in Australian Aphis gossypii via the R81T mutation is not the causal mechanism of neonicotinoid resistance despite overseas studies implicating such.