Field surveys of insect populations in agroecosystems reveal low but significant levels of tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) toxins without mutational changes in resistance alleles.

This project resolved two long-standing anomalies regarding Cry2Ab resistance in H. armigera.

The major output from this trip was to disseminate my latest research results to peers by presenting a spoken paper entitled "Frequency and characteristics of alleles conferring resistance to the Bt toxin Cry2Ab

In the 2004/05 season Bollgard II® replaced Ingard® as the transgenic variety of cotton available to Australian growers. It improves on Ingard® by incorporating an additional insecticide protein (Cry2Ab) to combat H.

In the mid-1990's the Australian cotton industry adopted Ingard®, a transgenic variety that contains a Bt toxin (CrylAc) which is specific to the group of insects including the target Helicoverpa armigera, but ex