This project examined genetic variation in Helicoverpa populations using variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and variation in quantitative traits, and was supported by ARC as well as CRDC. In this project we developed the molecular techniques that allowed sampling of geographical variation using mtDNA. On theoretical grounds and on the basis of recent studies in other organisms this marker has the potential to be useful for detecting genetic differentiation among regions. Detection of genetic differences among populations of the two Helicoverpa pest species, the native budworm H.punctigera and the insecticide resistant bollworm H. armigera, may provide the ecologists with a useful tool for better understanding moth movement patterns. This would facilitate better prediction and control of infestations.