The title of my paper reflects the overriding precedence of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the future of pest management for Australian cotton. Bt cotton, whether with one gene or two, win only ever be a component of sustainable IPM systems, not an answer in itself. IPM seeks to utilise a diverse array of pest control tactics to achieve pest management without excessive reliance on pesticides. Many of the components of IPM systems are used in Australian cotton production (sampling, thresholds, soft pesticides, cultivation of crop residues, planting windows, pest tolerant varieties, beneficial insects). Based on research over the last decade we are now seeing greater efforts to maximise biological sources of mortality for pests (the cotton plant itself, beneficial insects, weather) and an increasing willingness on the part of growers to co-operate in area wide management systems for key pests. These developments, supported by production of the Australian Cotton CRC's IPM Guidelines for Australian Cotton (Mensah and Wilson 1999), suggest that IPM will progressively become the norm for Australia. Pesticides are, and will remain, a part of ERM, but with greater reliance on less disruptive compounds and more objective decision making associated with their use.