Reducing the costs of pest management may be looked at in two ways. These are the actual reduction of chemical costs which must be balanced against the need to maintain or enhance yield. Any discussion of cost saving must admit that it is the gross margin we are seeking to hold or increase. This may not actually decrease chemical costs but it aims to improve profit. In my own shorter season area, the upper Namoi, I dent think we should consider reducing the number of sprays, except with Siokra. There appears to be potential to leave out one or two early sprays in the main cotton areas, and even increase yield.