Wheat is nearly exclusively a dryland crop in the northern grains region of Australia (bounded in the south by Dubbo in New South Wales, and in the north by Emerald in central Queensland (GRDC 2010)). Cotton has traditionally been the favoured irrigation crop in the region, due to its higher profitability in comparison to wheat. In seasons of favourable water supply and prices, up to 400,000 ha of cotton has been produced in these irrigated areas (ANRA 2009). Wheat is commonly considered a beneficial dryland rotation crop that improves the yield and profitability of subsequent cotton crops (Hulugalle et al. 2006), through improved soil structure and decreased inoculum of cotton-specific diseases in the soil (Hulugalle et al. 1999 & 2006).In 2007/ 2008, grain prices improved to record levels in response to socioeconomic influences in Asia, an international push for bio-energy crops, and the impact of local droughts. With wheat prices nearly 300% of those received just three years earlier (Brown et al. 2008) high levels of optimism were generated for future grain prices. This increase in agricultural commodity prices sparked increased investment in grain farming from the corporate sector, and initiated a paradigm shift amongst the irrigated farming community of the northern grains region. These irrigated enterprises no longer viewed themselves as cotton growers, but rather, commodity growers needing to make the greatest return on the available irrigation water. And while grain prices have since eased, demand for food grain is predicted to increase over the next 20-50 years as the world's population expands (FAO 2006; UN 2007). Demand-driven increases in grain prices are therefore likely to result in increased irrigated wheat production across the northern region.Therefore there is a need for improved advice to irrigated crop producers that have traditionally grown cotton, but are now commodity producers who need to make tactical responses to water availability and commodity prices in order to maximise on-farm water use efficiency. This project aimed to assist irrigated growers in the northern region by producing irrigation scheduling recommendations for irrigated wheat, in conjunction with the CCC CRC 'High Yield Grains in Cotton Farming Systems' (HYGICFS) project.

To purchase additional instrumentation which will enhance existing experiments such that the rigorous scientific measurement and comparison of the water use efficiency of transgenic and conventional cotton systems can be made.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cotton emphasises conservation of beneficial species (mainly insects and spiders) to suppress pest populations and reduce the need to apply insecticides. Many beneficial's encountered in cotton are ‘generalists’ allowing them to consume a range of prey, subsisting on non-pest prey when pests are scarce. These generalists are very important in managing pest species especially when the pests are at low densities. Disruption of these generalist beneficial populations, and the resulting reduction in mortality on pest species, can lead to outbreaks of secondary pests. This is especially a risk for fast life cycle species such as mites and aphids but also for pests such as SLW and Helicoverpa and probably also mirids and green vegetable bug(GVB).

Given the significance of generalist predators in biological control (75% of studies quantifying the impact of generalist predators report a positive suppression on pest species), it is surprising that we have a poor understanding of which species have the greatest effect on pest abundance in Australian cotton. This is further compounded because a number of pest species are also generalist predators, such as ‘phytophagous’ thrips species, green mirids and apple dimpling bugs. The lack of information reflects the difficulty in measuring predation by observation and impracticality of remote methods (eg video). However, knowledge of the key beneficial species would be valuable so that they can be targeted for conservation in crops. Further, it can also focus research to understand how these predators survive within the agroecosystem which may lead to strategies to enhance their abundance (e.g. conservation of native vegetation remnants on farm).

This project used ‘molecular diagnostics’ to identify the key predators of silverleaf whitefly (SLW; B. tabaci MEAM1, commonly known locally as B-biotype) and green vegetable bug (GVB, Nezara viridula) both important pests in current Bollgard II dominated cotton systems. This involved collaboration with Professor James Harwood, University of Kentucky, who has pioneered this technique and has extensive experience with its application in agricultural systems.

The Australian Cotton Comparative Analysis provides the industry benchmark for the economics of cotton growing in Australia. The report focuses on the economics of the 2016 crop from growers across the different cotton-growing valleys. It also presents trends that have been measured against more than ten years of data. This year, the report also includes per bale figures and excerpts from three industry reports which analyse cotton growing practices, workforce turnover and water productivity. The Cotton Comparative Analysis is a joint initiative of CRDC and Boyce Chartered Accountants.

This is the third of our four reports for the Cotton Catchment Communities CRC project entitled: Innovative Regional Businesses and Options for Economic Growth in Cotton Communities. It has two components. The first documents and analyses the socio-economic profiles for six representative cotton communities derived from surveys of community leaders from local government, small business, and community service organisations. The communities surveyed were Warren, Wee Waa and Moree in New South Wales, and St George, Dalby and Emerald in Queensland. The reasons for their selection were stated in detail in our first report to the Cotton Catchment Communities CRC but, in summary, they differ considerably in their geographical location, population size, significance of cotton in their respective agricultural sectors and the range of alternative economic activities including mining and tourism.Our visits to these communities greatly enhanced the statistical analysis already undertaken for the first report because we were able to gauge:- local leadership dynamics- the extent of communities' strategic focus on the future- respondents' fears and hopes for the future and prospects for resilience- emerging options for future business development- evolving links with other communities and with state governments- the range of services provided and the extent of entrepreneurial innovation- their institutional thickness in the sense of range and contribution of community groups- their degree of social and economic tension or harmony, and demographic trends having a bearing on community sustainability.None of this information is available from such statistical sources as the five-yearly census, but is crucial to understanding the commercial environment in which businesses have to innovate to survive in the longer term. Moreover, we detect and report here subtle, but important, differences between our sample communities on many of these dimensions which, in our view, may well shape small business behaviour. This proposition is currently being tested through a survey of small business across the six locations.The second component of this report stems logically from the first in that it assesses the external forces shaping rural Australia in general, the cotton industry in particular, and the six separate communities under investigation. Medium term forecasting, in which we apply the well-known process of scenario construction, allows us to probe, and interrelate to some degree, the vast range of variables potentially influencing place prosperity and small business behaviours and futures. This knowledge, in turn, enable us to assess the extent to which businesses, individually and collectively, have (i) realistic visions about their future operating environment and (ii) regularly apply those visions in the strategic positioning of their enterprises. A priori reasoning suggests that innovative business will have developed reasoned analyses of their evolving socio-economic milieu. Our current small business survey will help us test this proposition also.Our scenario construction work reported here shows a generally up-beat assessment of rural Australia's medium term future, not least because of the China factor, whose rapid economic growth looms large in our analysis. However, we believe that India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and several other countries are equally part of this equation. Their combined populations of more than 2.5 billion increasingly affluent people are located right on our doorstep, and are a potentially colossal market for much of our agricultural produce. To that we might add Australia's own recent demographic forecasts, which foresee rapid population growth of a conservative 1.3% per annum compounded over many years. Our forecasting work also suggests that people's roles, attitudes and behaviours become increasingly important in shaping the structure and prosperity of communities the smaller the spatial scale under the microscope. Thus, our sample of places with their small populations will each find that their futures are determined by the interplay of local behaviours with the mega-trends shaping Australia in general. And businesses seeking to innovate and adapt will, in turn, be trapped to some extent by that interplay, while also recognising that truly innovative and far-sighted large-scale enterprise can rise above local conditions.As Shakespeare noted, 'brevity is the soul of wit'. To simplify and enhance this report's message, the two main parts summarise our findings, and we have placed considerable detail in extensive Appendices at the end. The latter are important in documenting the considerable thought processes shaping our analysis.

The Australian cotton industry has encountered both record droughts and significant flooding since 2005,impacting on its production and profitability. Despite these hurdles, we have achieved our goal of adding $1 billion to the cotton industry through the activities of this CRC. While valuing social and environmental benefits can be challenging, the gains we have made in these areas, added to the production benefits in areas such as water, Integrated Pest Management and processing, are substantial and have far exceeded what we set out to do.

This report is details the literature and experimental program of Miss Meredith Errington forher honours at this University. She has been awarded First Class Honours.

Final report: Automation and real time control of furrow irrigation

Management of Silverleaf whitefly in later maturing crops is complex, and growers and consultants need to manage to avoid honeydew contamination. This article focuses on management options for crops in the salvage zone (3C) of the threshold.

Reniform Nematodes (Rotylenchulus reniformis) have recently been identified in cotton in subtropicalQld for the second time since 2003/04. Reniform nematodes are an established pest in some Australian horticulture crops and have the potential to affect cotton crop productivity