The emergence of multiple resistance to insecticides in Helicoverpa populations has had a significant impact on the production of most major field crops in Australia. This, coupled with industry's increasing awareness of the need to reduce environmental impacts from pesticide use, has led to the demand for effective alternatives to traditional pesticides. Current alternative control options for Helicoverpa available to cotton growers include the use of 'Gemstar', a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) specific to Heliothine species. Gemstar has been widely used in cotton and grains crops throughout growing areas. It is often used in combination with other pesticides and, in Queensland, in repeated and low-rate applications.

This wide-scale and repeated use has led to industry concerns about the potential for emergence of resistance to Gemstar. There have been several examples in other insect species where resistance of between 5 and 800 times normal susceptibility to insect viruses has been generated in the laboratory, although there have been no reports of resistance to baculoviruses in the field. There is, therefore, a need to establish the baseline level of susceptibility against which future resistance can be assessed, to develop some understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to insect viruses, and to develop genetic markers that might lead to rapid identification of resistant populations.

The Australian Cotton Integrated Pest Management grower short course was

conceptualised and developed from a recommendation presented in a commission

report in 1997. This report focused on the adoption of IPM within Australian cotton

industry. The recommendation made from this study identified the need to develop

a package on IPM that could provide practical implementation strategies for

growers. Industry accepted this recommendation and development a “hands on”,

“practical focused”, and ” technical strong” short course. As well as assigning a

designated IPM Coordinator to develop and implement the course.

The IPM grower short course has had a series of coordinators; Mr Greg Kauter, Mr

Bill Dalton and Mr Mark Hickman. Each coordinator established, individual

milestones for the course’s development. Only through the collaborative nature of

the Australian Cotton CRC, and the leadership of Mr Kauter it possible to collate

industry and research documentation regarding IPM. This information focused on

the principles behind IPM management, utilising relevant industry examples of the

modern farming system to establish both grower and industry creditability. Mr

Dalton formulated the short course into a five day course conducted over a cotton

production season. It consisted of a 2 day workshop in winter, 2 field days within

crop and a review meeting post season for reflecting on practice change. This course

format and content achieve a national competency based accreditation mapped to

the unit RUAAG4302CTA at a Certificate IV level. Mr Dalton successful acquired

FarmBi$ funding for the program and was able to conduct in 2001 the 3 industry

pilot programs. Following these successful workshops Mr Hickman held the

position of IPM training coordinator during 2002‐2005. In this period of time Mr

Hickman implemented the pilot suggestions and modified the course to the

emerging transgenic cotton crops. During this time a DVD was commissioned to

NSW Agriculture and overseen by Mr Hickman to capture comments on leading

IPM adopter’s comments within the industry. The DVD is used in the course and

generates strong support from the participants. During the delivery period of this

project Mr Hickman was successful in up grading the level of competency to

Certificate V in agriculture addressing the unit RTE5006A “plan and manage longterm

weed, pest and/or disease control in crops”.

Since 2001, there have been 20 courses completed across 11 of the industries

production valleys. Statistics collected from the course indicated of the total 221

participants that participated (2001 to 2005), shows approximately 70% of

participants are cotton producers, 25 % cotton consultants and 5% industry

representatives. Excluding the 43 participants in 2004‐05 courses, since assessments

had not been completed at the time of compiling this report, indicates 169

participants (2001‐2004) have successful been awarded a statement of attainment

from either Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture or Dalby Agricultural College

relating to the above mentioned qualifications.

In the 2004, a BDA economic analysis of the Australia Cotton CRC stated research

and extension in the area of IPM had an estimated benefit of $315 millions over the

previous 5 year period. This project contributed towards this benefit. Participants

from the course completed a self‐evaluation before the course and at the completion

of the course 6‐9 months after starting. This indicated 72% of participants identified

a practice change in their operation as a result of the course. The main areas of

improvement were identified as increased and improved communication especially

with the consultant. Growers felt they were empowered to enter into dialogue

regarding management decisions suggested by the commercial consultants. Other

growers identified a greater level of importance regarding beneficial insects when

deciding on a management decision. Some growers simply increased the level of

plant monitoring through mapping techniques learnt in the field days to aid in

management decisions.

In conclusion the IPM course has provided two valuable outcomes for the industry.

Firstly, there has been practice change at the farm level. Secondly, the competency based

framework of the course has established a workable model that can be.

The need and motivation for a workshop on modelling water movement in cracking soils arose out of the National Program on Irrigation and Development(NPIRD) Project DAN11,

'Improving water use efficiency by reducing groundwater recharge under irrigated pastures'. The main objectives included identifying problems associated with water movement in cracking soils ( including water balance issues) : identifying key technical and functional weaknesses in modelling approaches: assessing the ability of existing models to underpin water policy and planning decisions and recommendations to improve model capabilities.

The focus of this position is the promotion and adoption of new technologies and best management practices to ensure the industry’s sustainability and continued development. The Cotton Industry Development Officer for the given Valley forms a link between researchers and cotton growers and consultants. Regional grower reference group meetings are held to obtain feedback on what the research and extension priorities are for each region. These are then incorporated into extension programs along with national extension issues to ensure that both industry wide and regional issues are addressed.

This position involves continued support of grower groups. These groups are often used to facilitate other extension activities. The Cotton IDO position has assisted Cotton Australia with the implementation of the Australian cotton industry’s Best Management Practice’s (BMP) program. This has primarily been achieved through the ‘Cotton Tales’ newsletter and grower group meetings where Pesticide Application Management Plans and the new Land and Water module have been promoted. This position also assisted with technical support for the Land and Water module of the BMP program.

The promotion of IPM is also a core component of the Cotton IDO position. This has involved promotion of the IPM short course, monitoring of Trichogramma species parasitism levels which could influence pest management decisions. Demonstrations of attract and kill technology were also carried out with grower groups as another tool to be used in IPM programs.

This project aimed to minimise the adverse impact of glyphosate-resistant weeds on the cotton industry by assessing the prospect that genetic diversity of targeted weed species can be used to predict which species are at highest risk of glyphosate resistance. Through this project, the industry has been able to develop bioinformatics and next generation sequencing skills, which was a capacity gap in understanding herbicide resistance.

Resistance to herbicides can happen by changes to the target gene (target site resistance) or other genetic changes (non-target site resistance, NTSR). Non-Target site resistance is particularly difficult to decipher as it is usually polygenic and can be constitutive, stress-induced, or possibly both. Cross resistance between different herbicide groups is not possible with target site resistance; however, since NTSR is the result of both regulatory processes (signal production, reception, and response) and protective processes of several kinds, they have the potential to interact together and accumulate, and possibly provide resistance across herbicide groups.

This project examined four weed species from cotton growing regions. The only species investigated that had a fixed target site mutation is Feathertop Rhodes grass. Fleabane, barnyard grass and windmill grass all have glyphosate resistance by NTSR mechanisms.

Gene expression analysis was conducted to test for genes that are more highly produced or supressed in resistant barnyard grass and fleabane to explore NTSR mechanisms in these two species. In barnyard grass about 50 genes are differentially expressed in intermediate resistant lines, whereas about 300 are in strong resistant lines. This indicates that NTSR is a polygenic trait in this weed.

In fleabane only five genes were differentially expressed in the resistant lines, and these genes are involved in plant signalling pathways and transporter proteins. It is therefore likely that NTSR in fleabane is controlled by relatively few genes and involves the transport of glyphosate within the plant.

The genomic data generated during this project (UQ1301) will be leveraged in project UQ1501 to

establish the mechanisms of NTSR in cotton-system weeds so that the threat of cross resistance can be assessed as the industry moves to stacked herbicide resistance traits.

The efficacy of Bt cotton plants against field populations of Hencove, :po grinigero has not been consistent over the growing season. A repeatable late-season reduction in efficacy has been observed and variation in efficacy has also been recorded early in the season (Fitt at o1.1998). The early season problems are particularly worrying because the cause is unclear, although hypotheses abound.

The variation in efficacy observed could reflect changes at the level of the genome. The

unexpected inactivation of transgenes leading to the loss of a newly introduced trait has been well documented (reviewed in Stain eta1. , 1997). Transgene silencing in response to environmental stresses, such as high light intensity or elevated temperatures, has been reported both for plants growing in the field and in experimental plants growing in controlled environments (Meyer erg1. , 1992; Walter eta!., 1992). An understanding of the molecular basis for both the developmental(late season) and early season decline in efficacy of Bttransgenic cotton will provide a basis form alding decisions concerning the management of the current Bt cotton lines and the development of new lines with insertions of the Bt transgene.

On 21st November, at Narrabri, over forty Workshop participants,

mostly ginners, developed and discussed the following introductory

Best Management Practice for the Australian Cotton Ginning

Industry. The Workshop supported the scope and format proposed

by the Australian Cotton Ginners Association (ACGA). This involved

the setting of "Minimum Standards or Goals", and the development

of'requirements to demonstrate compliance". These will form the

basis of an initial draft of a ginning best practices document that will

then be distributed to all members of the ACGA for discussion and

comment.

The Workshop also generated significant comments, supporting or

qualifying the above, and these are included later in the full Report.

Potential areas for further research and development were also

identified, and these are noted in the report.

Overall, the project has demonstrated the following highlights: * The okra leaf trait was associated with superior field yield under raingrown conditions. That result is consistent with some leaf physiological water use efficiency measurements. * Full season types were superior for raingrown yield. Rooting depth was one factor associated with that result. * Some physiological water use efficiency traits have significant genetic differences and may be of value for use in choosing parents and/or screening segregating populations

Agricultural aircraft are of great importance to the Australian cotton industry. Specialised

aircraft are used to apply selected herbicides and fertilisers prior to planting, insecticides throughout the growing season and defoliants prior to harvest. The use of agricultural aircraft has developed largely as a result of the greater speed, better timing and efficiency of application offered by aerial distribution. Aircraft are able to apply agricultural products rapidly over large areas within narrow optimum application windows. When crop height and irrigated areas restrict the passage of wheeled vehicles, aircraft are able to place pesticides strategically on crops in response to economic thresholds, without contributing to soil compaction and breakdown.

Ultra Low Volume (ULV) application from the air has been used very successfully around the world for nearly three decades. The technique is used to effectiveIy apply insecticides in a range of crops including cotton, field crops and forestry. ULV pesticides formulated in low-volatile oil-based carriers are usually applied 'straight from the can' at total application rates of about 2-5 L/ha. This low rate of carrier is achieved by generating small droplets with a Volume Median Diameter (VMD) of approximately 50-100 um, usually using rotary cage type atomisers. Such droplet sizes allow large numbers of droplets to be generated resulting in high droplet coverage

(expressed in terms of droplet number per square cm) and high efficacy and productivity. This technology is particularly suited to the control of airborne pests (such as locusts and mosquitoes), forestry and broad-acre agriculture. ULV technology has been successfully utilised in the production of cotton in Africa, Asia and Australia.

Restrictions to the application of endosulfan in cotton were implemented by the National

Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals, (NRA) during 1999. In

particular, mandatory buffer distances and nozzle configurations were introduced. Despite the widespread adoption of these management tools and a successful season where an extensive monitoring of 14,000 beef carcases revealed only one carcase that exceeded the 1/2 MRL export endosulfan level further restrictions were imposed during july it is noted that low pest pressure and the use of products may have contributed to this finding. new rules for season suspended registration ulv formulation but permitted application existing stocks provided that: a) protection downwind buffer zone was doubled from 1500 metres to 3000 metres b) maximum allowed rotational speed micronair AU5000 nozzles reduced 4000 to 2000rpm. Based upon data compiled recent public domain studies undertaken on behalf land water resources research development corporation cotton report comments current practice establishing down wind distances nozzle criteria aerial ec products. examines available deposition assesses performance two mathematical models in predicting relative drift profile formulations endosulfan.

Indigenous Australian Gossypium species possess a number of attributes that could be used to improve the profitability of cotton cultivation in Australia (see CSP47C & CSP85C). The Australian eastern arid zone was poorly represented in the current CSIRO Cotton Germplasm Collection. The collecting trip funded by this grant provided the accessions needed to rectify this gap in the collection and expanded our knowledge of the natural biology of G. australe, G. bickii, G. nelsonii, and G. sturtianum. The herbarium specimens represent important source materials for natural biologists and Flora writers. The germplasm samples will be used in future studies of levels and patterns of genetic and morphological diversity among the arid zone Gossypium species. This in turn will provide a base-line for documenting the existence and directionality of gene flow among these wild cotton relatives